Ankle Fracture Mechanism and Radiography.TI-RADS - Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System.Head Neck tumors - When to think of malignancy.Anatomy and Pathology of the Infrahyoid Neck.Pulmonary nodule - Benign versus Malignant.Mediastinal Masses - differential diagnosis.Esophagus II: Strictures, Acute syndromes, Neoplasms and Vascular impressions.Esophagus I: anatomy, rings, inflammation.Vascular Anomalies of Aorta, Pulmonary and Systemic vessels.Contrast-enhanced MRA of peripheral vessels.Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System 2.0.Bi-RADS for Mammography and Ultrasound 2013.Transvaginal Ultrasound for Non-Gynaecological Conditions.Acute Abdomen in Gynaecology - Ultrasound. Appendicitis - Pitfalls in US and CT diagnosis.Diffuse/scattered calcifications are distributed randomly through the breast and are almost always benign. Regional calcifications occupy a larger volume of breast tissue and can be associated with either benign or malignant conditions. Segmental calcifications ( Figure 36f-13), which are distributed in a duct and its branches, also suggest malignancy. Fine, linear, branching calcifications are arranged in a line that may have small branch points ( Figure 36f-12B), a distribution that is suspicious for malignancy. B, The fine, linear, and branching calcifications ( arrow (more.)Ĭalcifications can also be characterized by their distribution: grouped or clustered calcifications refer to groups of more than five within a small tissue volume (< 2 cc) and can be benign or malignant ( Figure 36f-12A). Biopsy revealed intraductal cribriform carcinoma. A, This cluster manifests pleomorphic calcifications ( arrows) of varying sizes and shapes. If a circumscribed mass is directly adjacent to fibroglandular tissue of similar density, the margins of the mass may be obscured, and spot compression is used to show the margins of the mass more completely.Ĭalcifications with higher probability of malignancy. 8 If it is stable, continued mammographic surveillance is recommended for at least 2 years. Unless there are previous mammograms to establish that it is a new finding, a solitary, completely circumscribed, nonpalpable, solid mass is often managed by 6-month follow-up examination to establish that the mass is stable (not growing). If solid, the shape and margins should be evaluated carefully, possibly with magnification mammography. If the mass is a simple cyst, no further work-up is necessary. Ultrasonography can determine whether a circumscribed mass is cystic or solid. Typical examples of benign circumscribed masses are cysts ( Figure 36f-5) and fibroadenomas ( Figure 36f-6). The likelihood of malignancy with a circumscribed mass is very low, but additional work-up may be necessary to verify that the margins are completely circumscribed. The margins can be described as circumscribed, microlobulated, obscured (partially hidden by adjacent tissue), indistinct (ill-defined), or spiculated (characterized by lines radiating from the mass). An irregular shape suggests a greater likelihood of malignancy. Circumscribed oval and round masses are usually benign. The shape can be round, oval, lobular, or irregular. The most significant features that indicate whether a mass is benign or malignant are its shape and margins ( Figure 36f-4).
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